Clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors among first-year students at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the second leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa. Globally, there is substantial evidence that modifiable risk factors for CVD are increasing in adolescents. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of information on the prevalence and clustering of these risk factors in adolescents. OBJECTIVES: This study explores the modifiable risk factors for CVD among first-year students at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. DESIGN AND SETTING: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. METHODS: A total of 546 newly admitted students at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, were recruited using stratified random sampling. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information from study participants between January and February 2016. RESULTS: The mean age of respondents was 19 ± 2.2 years with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1. The reported risk factors for CVD were smoking (1.6%), abdominal obesity (3.3%), alcohol consumption (3.7%), overweight/obesity (20.7%), unhealthy diet (85.3%), and physical inactivity (94.5%). Clustering of ≥ 2 risk factors was reported in 23.4% of students. Female students were twice as probably overweight/obese as male students (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.2; confidence interval [CI] = 1.41-3.43). Students whose fathers were skilled workers were 3.5 times more likely to be physically inactive (AOR = 1.7; CI = 0.97-2.96). The clustering of ≥ 2 risk factors was significantly higher among women and Muslims in bivariate analysis, whereas no significant association was found in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Public health strategies to prevent CVD risk factors should begin in schools and extend to the entire community.

Consumption of junk foods by school-aged children in rural Himachal Pradesh, India

There has been an increase in the consumption of junk food (JF) among school-aged children (SAC) possibly leading to obesity and diet-related diseases among them. We do not have evidence on consumption of JF in rural areas; hence, we conducted a study to assess the consumption of JF by SAC in rural, Himachal Pradesh. A total of 425 children in the age group of 12� years studying in 30 government schools (clusters) were included. The clusters were selected using population proportionate to size sampling methodology. We found high prevalence (36%) of consumption of JF among SAC during the last 24 h. Efforts should be taken to reduce the consumption of JF by promotion of healthy dietary habits and educating children about the ill effects of JF.

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables en adolescentes escolarizados de Ibagué, 2013 / Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescent Students of Ibague, 2013 / Fatores de risco cardiovascular modificáveis em adolescentes estudantes de Ibagué 2013

Resumen Objetivo: escribir los factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables en adolescentes escolarizados de la comuna uno de la ciudad de Ibagué durante el segundo semestre del 2013. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio transversal, con 149 estudiantes; utilizando 4 módulos de la encuesta mundial de salud a escolares (GSHS), medidas antropométricas y presión arterial, pruebas no paramétricas para el análisis de los factores de riesgo según características sociodemográficas y clínicas; análisis bivariado para determinar las diferencias de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables por edad, sexo y tipo de establecimiento educativo. Resultados: La prevalencia de sedentarismo fue del 97%; riesgo de alcoholismo 59%; alimentación no saludable 53%; sobrepeso y obesidad 13%; fumador actual adolescente 9%, y por último, la hipercolesterolemia con el 7%. Discusión:: los factores de riesgo en los adolescentes presentan una alta prevalencia aun cuando no indican enfermedad establecida, sin embargo la continuidad de estas conductas puede llevar a problemas a nivel cardiovascular, personal y social. Conclusiones: Este estudio aporta una línea de base determinante en la implementación de estrategias de promoción y prevención en adolescentes para la disminución de la morbi-mortalidad por enfermedad cardio-vascular de la población Tolimense, se deben incluir la creación de espacios de recreación y deporte, control de consumo de alcohol y tabaco y educación nutricional para madres y propietarios de establecimientos que permitan aumentar la ingesta diaria y la oferta de alimentos saludables entre otros.

Abstract Objective: to describe the modifiable cardiovascular risk factors among adolescent students in the district one of the city of Ibague in the second half of 2013 Methodology: A cross-sectional study with 149 students; using 4 modules of global school health survey (GSHS), anthropometric measurements and blood pressure, non-parametric tests for the analysis of risk factors as sociodemographic and clinical characteristics; bivariate analysis to determine differences of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors by age, sex and type of educational establishment. Results: The prevalence of sedentary lifestyle was 97%; 59% risk of alcoholism; unhealthy eating 53%; 13% overweight and obesity; current smoker teenager 9%, and finally, hypercholesterolemia 7%. Discussion: the risk factors in adolescents had a high prevalence even without established disease indicate, however the continuity of these behaviors can lead to cardiovascular problems and social level staff. Conclusions: This study provides a critical line based on the implementation of promotion and prevention strategies in adolescents for reducing morbidity and mortality from cardio-vascular disease of the Tolima population, should include the creation of opportunities for recreation and sport control of alcohol and snuff and nutrition for mothers and owners of establishments that increase the daily intake and the supply of healthy foods including education.

Resumo Objetivo: descrever os fatores de risco cardiovascular modificáveis em adolescentes escolarizados da comuna de Ibagué durante o segundo semestre de 2013. Metodologia: Se realizó um estudo transversal, com 149 estudantes; Utilizando 4 módulos da pesquisa mundial de saúde em escolares (gshs), medidas antropométricas e pressão arterial, testes não paramétricos para análise de fatores de risco por características sociodemográficas e clínicas; Análise bivariado para determinar as diferenças de fatores de risco cardiovascular modificáveis por idade, sexo e tipo de desenvolvimento educativo. Resultados: a prevalencia de sedentarismo fue del 97%; Risco de alcoolismo 59%; Alimentación no saludable 53%; Sobrepeso y obesidad 13%; Fumador real adolescente 9%, y por último, la hipercolesterolemia con el 7%. Discusión: os fatores de risco e os adolescentes apresentam uma alta prevalência, embora não haja uma doença estável, sem embargo, a continuidade dessas condutas pode levar a problemas cardiovasculares, pessoais e sociais. Conclusões: o estudo aporta uma linha de base determinante na execução de estratégias de promoção e de prevenção em adolescentes para a diminuição da morbi-mortalidade por doença cardio-vascular da população Tolimense, Controle de consumo de álcool e tabaco e educação nutricional para madres e proprietários de estabelecimentos que permitam aumentar a ingesta diária ea oferta de alimentos saudáveis entre outros.